Findings from primate studies on social hierarchy and stress offer a biological model for understanding human health disparities. This research suggests that the chronic stress experienced by people who are stigmatized or ostracized can lead to similarly negative health outcomes.

Primate Research on Stress and its Implications for Human Social Stigma

Extensive research on non-human primates has demonstrated a strong correlation between an individual's position in the social hierarchy and its health. An animal's rank can predict its levels of stress, its mental health status, and its vulnerability to disease.

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There are differences in the stress level of demographic groups with variances in the following characteristics:

- Sex
- Age
- Race
- Education
- Employment
- Income ($US)

Stress and Demographics

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Data from three national surveys conducted in 1983, 2006, and 2009 revealed consistent demographic patterns in stress levels. Across all surveys, higher stress was reported by women, unemployed individuals, and those with lower income and education levels. Conversely, retired individuals consistently reported the lowest levels of stress. The period between 2006 and 2009 saw a notable increase in stress among specific groups, including men, Hispanic individuals aged 45-64, college graduates, and the full-time employed.

Findings from National Stress Surveys (1983, 2006, 2009)

Social Hierarchy's Impact on Stress and Health in Primates

Read the following scenario and analyze the contributing factors to the individual's stress. Identify at least two demographic characteristics from the scenario that are associated with higher stress levels and explain the likely reason for their impact.

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