1.  Gathering: crowdsourcing relevant information or data related to the crisis
2. Reasoning: analyzing the data and making it usable for emergency responders and affected populations
3. Curating, stewarding, and orchestrating: figuring out blank spots in the data, guiding training and information production, and putting the data in maps and reports in order to make it easier to visualize
4. Acting: feeding information to officials, responders, physical volunteers, and community members and working to mobilize resources and people

Albion College

Scholars debate whether collective intelligence is best with orchestration or complete self-organization of the individuals or digital volunteers. Though there is a forming consensus that a mix of orchestration and self-organization might be best. There could be few individuals or groups as "puppetmasters" in which they help design and instruct the digital volunteers on how they should participate. Though after that considering the spread of social media the digital volunteers would have a great deal of freedom in which tasks they participate in. 

Orchestration or Self-organized Collective Intelligence 

Social media like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and many others allow individuals to spread and organize information. The information or data can be pictures, locations, and ground-level facts. Aspects of social media like Hashtags allow individuals to group information into searchable categories. Facebook groups also allow for a way of organizing information. This information can then be spread to those in the affect population, officials, emergency responders, and world wide. 

How Collective Intelligence is used in Crises through Social Media

Büscher, M., Liegl, M., & Thomas, V. (2014). Collective Intelligence in Crises. In J.  Stewart (Ed.), Social Collective Intelligence: Combining The Powers of Humans and Machines (pp. 243–265). Springer International Publishing. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-08681-1__12

Collective Intelligence in Crises

Social Practices or Activities involved in Collective Intelligence During a Crisis 

The term "Puppetmaster" can be misleading as the term is known to be someone who is in control of another. "Puppetmaster" in this context means an individual(s) or group(s) that are orchestrating tasks for digital volunteers and organizing response and data collection.

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