- Socioeconomic factors too may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Living in an urban environment as compared to a rural one is associated with greater exposure to pollution and stress, and increased health risk behaviors (e.g., 
smoking, drinking, and substance abuse). 
- These factors may increase an individual’s susceptibility to developing psychosis by affecting cognitive and neural development. 

Arizona State University

We have classified “preconception” environmental risk factors as those involving demographic or other parental features potentially identifiable prior to conception.

Preconceptual Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

Opler, M., Charap, J., Greig, A., Stein, V., Polito, S., & Malaspina, D. (2013). Environmental risk factors and schizophrenia. International Journal of Mental Health, 42(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.2753/IMH0020-7411420102

Environmental Risk Factors and Schizophrenia

Because of the large number of cell divisions during spermatogenesis, the mutation 
rate for base substitutions is much higher in men than in women, and increases with 
paternal age. This association has been investigated, and findings have offered 
a de novo mutations explanation for schizophrenia. 

Advanced Paternal Age

- Prolonged delay between pregnancies may also be associated with an increased 
risk of schizophrenia.
- Using a population-based study to examine the relationship, longer 
spring conception times (>12 months) were associated with a modest increase in risk of 
schizophrenia. 

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