Researchers studying solid waste pollution in Brazil found variable conditions in 30 cities as a result of COVID-19. 
- During lockdown, total solid waste production decreased, the largest decrease being 22% in Belo Horizonte 
- Due to decreased recycling programs, 24,076 MWh of power were lost, 185,929 m3 of potable water was lost, and 19,000 m3 of landfill space was lost to accommodate recyclable waste
- In São Paulo, during lockdown, the lowest amount of domiciliary solid waste was collected in comparison to the previous 11 years and voluntary recycling decreased, though the amount of solid waste on the streets decreased to the lowest value recorded in 11 years 

Solid Waste Pollution: Brazil (Post-COVID-19)

According to a comprehensive report examining worldwide plastic pollution: 
- Plastic pollution has increased due to discarding of PPE and increased demand and use of single-use plastics 
- Single-use plastics will likely come to contribute to the majority of marine pollution 
- Masks will likely degrade into microplastic pieces and pollute both waterways and soil 
- Increased plastic pollution will likely clog sewage systems 
- Plastics may provide a surface for pathogens to grow on 
- This report recommends the increased use of reusable masks, as well the development of new methods to avoid single-use plastics. Additionally, waste management and recycling programs overall should be improved and consumers should be taught more ways to consciously use plastics

Solid Waste Pollution: Plastics (Post-COVID-19)

Researchers studying Tehran, Iran found solid waste pollution may have worsened as a result of the pandemic. 
- Legal separation of solid wastes for recycling completely stopped, although illegal separation continued 
- Solid wastes are no longer being incinerated or composted. All solid wastes (~7500 tons a day) are going directly to the landfill without being separated or treated 

Solid Waste Pollution: Tehran (Iran) (Post-COVID-19)

The management of solid waste, which encompasses most types of discarded garbage, is a foremost environmental concern. Proper management of solid waste includes: 
- Collection of waste from urban areas once a week or more 
- Disposing only of waste that cannot otherwise be recycled
- Sufficient plans for gathering and storing waste 
- Relaying waste to facilities that will properly dispose of the waste in a landfill or burn the waste so it does not accumulate elsewhere 
- Handling of waste in such a way that public health is not jeopardized and no water or air pollution results   

Kenyon College

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Researchers have found numerous instances of environmental changes following the COVID-19 outbreak. See: 
- Overview
- Air Pollution
- Hydrosphere (Water) Pollution
- Light Pollution
- Medical Waste Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Solid Waste Pollution

Environmental Conditions Post-COVID-19 Outbreak

Climate monitoring is a way to measure and predict atmospheric composition, climate trends, and weather patterns. 

Climate Monitoring

Recycling of waste and using reusable items instead of disposable ones are common and effective ways of being environmentally cautious. Recycling is credited to decrease pollution, as well as conserve energy and natural resources. 

Environmental Impact of Recycling

Environmental noise is one of the main reasons for discomfort for the population and the environment which ends up causing health problems and altering the conditions of the ecosystems. With people having to stay home, the use of private and public transportation has decreased significantly. Commercial activities have also stopped almost entirely.  

Reduction of Enviornmental Noise Level

Beaches are one of the most important natural assets for coastal areas. Beaches provide services including recreation and tourism that are critical to the survival of coastal communities that need to be protected. However, irresponsible people cause many beaches to present pollution problems. Due to the lack of tourists because of COVID-19, a notable change in the appearance of many beaches has been seen and it has been very positive. The water is clearer and the sand is cleaner. 

Clean Beaches

The hydrosphere refers to all water on the earth's surface. Water quality improves with decreased pollution from human activity. Generally, good water: 
- Has no odor, is tasteless, and visibly clear 
- Has good conductivity, conductivity is not increased or decreased by any amount of pollutant 
- Has a dissolved oxygen content greater than 6 mg/L
- Has a relatively neutral pH
- Should have low levels, if any, of suspended particulate matter (SPM) 
- Has a low turbidity value, which measures the relative clarity of the water in units of FNU or NTU

Hydrosphere (Water) Pollution (Post-COVID-19)

Solid Waste Pollution (Post-COVID-19)

Humans contribute to air pollution by releasing harmful substances into the earth's atmosphere. Over many decades, harmful substances have accumulated to produce areas with severely polluted air. Good air: 
- Has low NO2, CO, SO2 and BC (black carbon) levels. BC may also be represented by BCff (fossil fuels) or BCbb (biomass burning) 
- Has low THC (total hydrocarbons) and low NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons)
- Has no formaldehyde 
- Has low PM10 and PM2.5 levels, which measure fine particulates in the air 
- Has moderate O3 (ozone) levels, which can be harmful at too high or too low of a concentration 
- Has low aerosol optical depth (AOD) levels (<1), which measure electromagnetic radiation in the air as caused by pollutants 
- Has a low AQI value (0-100) which indicates good to moderate air quality 
- Has a low BTEX value (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), as these compounds are hazardous

Air Pollution (Post-COVID-19)

Noise pollution occurs when loud sounds accumulate to the point of being potentially harmful. Generally, noise levels are considered appropriate when: 
- nighttime noises are 5-10 dB lower than daytime noises 
- noises do not exceed 85 dB for long periods of time 
- noises generally remain below 60 dB
- residential areas have noise levels between 45-55 dB

Noise Pollution (Post-COVID-19)

Light pollution occurs when human activity results in an excessive amount of outdoors artificial light. Ideally: 
- Light pollution should be low enough that various star constellations are visible to the naked eye 
- Light pollution should register low on any number of meters available to calculate light pollution
- Light pollution should not be high enough to disrupt the local ecosystem or cause adverse effects on human health 

Light Pollution (Post-COVID-19)

The proper disposal of medical waste is essential to ensure hazardous materials do not pollute the environment and harm human health. Proper management of medical waste includes: 
- Disposing of medical waste properly instead of incinerating it; many medical facilities incinerate their waste, which releases pollutants into the air 
- Understanding what kinds of medical waste need to be disposed of in a special manner and what kinds can be recycled 
- Containing waste in biohazard bags as appropriate to prevent leaks 
- Storing waste in a designated area and ensuring waste is unable to leak or spread from there until it can be disposed of 
- Decontaminating waste as needed to ensure it can be properly handled later 

Medical Waste Pollution (Post-COVID-19)

- Since the COVID-19 outbreak, studies have shown that there has been an increase in visibility and overall air quality
- There is also evidence of a decrease in NO2 levels and an increase in ozone concentrations

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