Somatic symptoms are vague, unexplained physical complaints that an individual experiences.

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A 1988 study by Beutler, Nussbaum, and Meredith serves as an example of the MMPI's use in longitudinal research. The inventory was administered to police recruits and then re-administered two and four years into their careers. The results indicated a progressive increase in the officers' vulnerability to alcoholism, anxiety, and somatic symptoms, demonstrating the MMPI's utility in tracking psychological changes within a specific profession over time.

Longitudinal Study of Police Officers Using the MMPI

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

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