In this stage, participants completed two questionnaires (totaling 20 items rated on a five-point Likert scale) measuring disorientation and participant perception of their learning. 

Examples of questionnaire items:
- Disorientation scale: ‘When using the document I often had difficulty in deciding where to go next'
- Perception of learning scale: ‘I feel I have gained an understanding of the
information contained in the document’. 

Boston University

In this stage, participants were instructed to use purely exploratory browsing to navigate through the hypertext to locate five target cards. The purpose of this stage is to assess whether the participants had sufficient knowledge of the system to reorient themselves after the distraction task and efficiently locate a random node. 

What was recorded?
- Number of cards opened over and above the minimum amount of cards needed to locate each target card
- Time taken to find each card

Stage Four: Card Locating Task - "Disorientation in hypertext: the effects of three text structures on navigation performance"

McDonald, S., & Stevenson, R. J. (1996). Disorientation in hypertext: The effects of three text structures on navigation performance. Applied ergonomics, 27(1), 61-68.

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