After the biofilm becomes mature, the outermost cells revert back to planktonic, allowing them to come off the original structure and disperse to colonize new areas. 

Biofilm formation occurs in five stages:
1) Attachment of Planktonic Cells 
2) Colonizer Attachment
3) Microbial Growth
4) EPS Production and Formation
5) Secondary Colonizer Attachment and Microbial Dispersion

Biofilm Formation

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

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Planktonic cells, cells that are free-floating in an aquatic environment, begin biofilm formation when they attach to a surface, reversibly, also known as becoming sessile. 

Stage 1: Attachment of Planktonic Cells 

During the colonizer attachment stage, the pioneer cells become fixed to the surface and coated with a film of organic material. 

Stage 2: Colonizer Attachment 

The pioneer cells begin to grow and divide, increasing the population and size of the biofilm.

Stage 3: Biofilm Microbial Growth

In order to facilitate production of an EPS, cells begin to express new phenotypes, which in turn produces the matrix and water channels. Interactions with bacterial structures like fimbriae, pili, and flagella are essential for the formation of a mature biofilm. 

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