Amygdala functioning 


Reduced cortisol reactivity has been found in people with ODD. In other words, people with ODD do not display stress when encountering stressful situations. This could also be connected to decreased information processing that normally triggers cognitive-emotional reactions. 

Arizona State University

Patients with ODD have a deficit in punishment processing. They display a lack of fear of punishment which was measured through various ANS responses (heart rate, basal-skin response etc.). This explains why individuals with ODD continue to perform inappropriate behavior due to their insensitivity to punishment cues. 


Punishment processing in ODD Patients


Matthys, Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., & Schutter, D. J. L. G. (2013). The neurobiology of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Altered functioning in three mental domains. Development and Psychopathology, 25(1), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000272

The neurobiology of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Altered functioning in three mental domains

ANS hyporeactivity in patients with ODD is examined by analyzing skin conductance responses using an experimental design. When comparing those with ODD to those in the control groups it becomes evident that people with ODD have a reduced skin conduction in response to fearful stimuli than the control groups.  

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