When a paper you read mentions a form of stress, add it here as a bullet point, then create a concept child node defining it. Also make sure to add your reference to this node.
- Emotional Stress
- Stress caused via media
- Climate Grief
- Oxidative Stress
- Covid-19 Pandemic Stress
- Time Stress
- Anticipatory Stress
- Situational Stress
- Encounter Stress
- Workplace/Academia Stress
- Gender-related Stress
- Chronic illness and Stress
- Physical stress
- Psychological stress
- Psychosocial stress
- Psycho-spiritual stress
- Generational stress/ Generational trauma

Types of Stress

Stress reduction in the workplace can be done through group-based (instructor-lead) or computer-based (computer-presented format) intervention. However, compliance is more problematic in computer-based intervention since there is limited human supervision online, while individuals in clinician-guided mental health experienced greater improvement and satisfaction than computer-guided groups.

Group-based vs. Computer-based Stress-management Intervention

Men and women are at differential risk for mental illnesses. Different forms of response/adaptation could predispose men and women to different illnesses and health problems, such as psychophysiological differences between men and women in context of stress




Gender, Stress, and Health

Stress can be broken up into several descriptive levels.
- Acute Stress
- Episodic Stress
- Chronic Acute Stress

Levels of Stress

Researchers have agreed that there are unhealthy and healthy ways of managing stress.

Ways of Coping with Stress

 Psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have been found to highly correlate with fear and stress. This high association leads to different responding behaviors. The overwhelming amount of data is creating a need to find a way to best measure amounts of stress and fear.

The Psychological Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Associated with Stress and Fear

The stress in the context of the pandemic promotes more severe Covid-19 symptoms and diminishes antibody response to vaccination.

Stress and Immunity to Covid-19

An emerging body of literature on stress, coping, and health among African American women identify strength as a factor that may exacerbate the influence of stress on health outcomes in this population. Although strength can be a positive attribute, behaviors related to strength (e.g., emotional suppression, extraordinary caregiving, and self-care postponement) may jeopardize health.

Health Disparities Related to Stress and Strength among African American Women

Distress in the four D's looks at people's perceptions of the dysfunction in an individual’s life, whether or not the person feels particularly distressed by it. However, dysfunction and distress may not always go hand in hand together.

Distress

There are various ways one can manage and regular their stress. This may include:
- Coping 
- Social support
- Perceived control
- Stress reduction techniques
- Virtual reality stress treatment

Regulation of Stress

Stress triggers a wide range of reactions, which can be grouped into three main categories: physiological, cognitive, and behavioral. These responses encompass the various ways individuals react to stressful experiences.

Categorization of Stress Responses

When individuals perceive life events as stressful, employing effective coping strategies becomes essential for managing the stress.

The Necessity of Coping for Stress Management

The body's response to stressors from within the body or from the environment. 

Syracuse University

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

The biopsychosocial factors of health and disease are made up of the sum of 
- Biological Factors
- Psychological Factors
- Sociological Factors 


Biopsychosocial Factors of Health & Disease

Topics of interest for research in the field of health psychology include:
-	Behavior
-	Chronic Illness
-	Culture
-	Environmental Health
-	Health Care
-	Media
-	Mental Health 
-	Nutrition
-	Physical Health
-	Social Health
-	Stress
- Leisure Activities

Focuses of Research Relating to Health Psychology

VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association.

APA Dictionary of Psychology

Stress (Psychological Stress)

Stress is a process through which an individual perceives and responds to events, known as stressors, that they appraise as overwhelming or threatening to their well-being. This cognitive appraisal of the event and one's ability to cope with it is a key determinant of the resulting physiological or psychological strain. While often viewed negatively, stress can also be an adaptive response to challenging situations.

Stress

The LGBTQ+ community faces a number of health disparities and barriers to accessing proper care.  This is due in part to a lack of education and training within the healthcare field, which can help to create a healthcare environment that is open, accepting, and affirming towards members of the LGBTQ+ community. 

Health equity and LGBTQ+ people

It has been documented that people living in poverty are much more likely to develop psychological illnesses. Therefore, we can expect marginalized populations to have the  highest risk of psychological illness.

The Relationship between Poverty and Mental Illness

Biological factors that influence health and disease are those that are related to the systems, functioning, and maintenance of the human body.

Biological Factors of Health & Disease

Psychological factors that influence health and disease are made up of the mindsets, decisions, and behaviors that one engages in regarding their own self. 

Psychological Factors of Health & Disease

Sociological factors that influence health and disease are largely external influences that greater society imposes upon the individual, their body, and self.

Sociological Factors of Health & Disease

Epigenetics is the study of how environmental factors can influence the expression of genes without changing the underlying DNA sequence. This field examines how the same genotype can result in very different phenotypes, providing a framework for understanding how experiences and environment can impact health and behavior.

Epigenetics

Health promotion, an interdisciplinary individual or large-scale behavior intervention with the purpose of increasing accessibility to community health resources by addressing social and societal determinants of health, focuses on the following topics:

•Health Policy 

•Health Literacy 

•Developing Healthy Communities and Settings


Health Promotion and Population Interventions

Health Psychology research relating to chronic illnesses studies the interactions of how chronic illnesses and psychology influence each other. This research can be divided into research regarding 
-	Chronic Illnesses in General
-	Specific Chronic Illnesses 


Health Psychology and Chronic Illness

Health Psychology research relating to behavior studies how certain choices, decision-making, and actions influence our health. Topics of interest regarding behavior in health psychology include
- Lifestyle


Health Psychology and Behavior

Health Psychology research relating to culture studies how different cultures and aspects of culture interpret and understand the concept to health, and how the interaction with our health differs. Categories of health psychology research in culture include
- Culture as a General Concept
- Ethnicity
- Language
- Specific Cultures


Health Psychology and Culture 

Health Psychology research relating to environmental health studies the intersection of our interactions with natural and built environments, to our health and how they influence each other. Topics of studies relating to health include
-	Climate Change
-	Extreme Weather & Natural Disasters
-	Pollution
- Urban Environments


Health Psychology and Environmental Health

Health Psychology research relating to healthcare largely focuses on the treatment, care, and prevention of disease. Research in this area can be divided into subjects regarding
-	The Healthcare Industry
-	Treatment and Therapy


Health Psychology and Healthcare

Health Psychology research relating to media explores the relationship that different forms of media help to influence our understanding of health, as well as the processes that is taken in the dissemination of health-related information.Topics of interest regarding media and health include
-	Information and Misinformation
-	Media Consumption
-	Media’s Portrayals of Health
-	Social Media


Health Psychology and Media

Health Psychology research relating to Mental Health studies the interaction between mental health and our other dimensions of health. This research can be divided into categories regarding 
-	Mental Health in General
-	Specific Mental Health Conditions
- Specific Mental Health Signs & Symptoms


Health Psychology and Mental Health

Health Psychology research relating to Nutrition studies the intersection of our psychological health and our diet, and how they influence each other. Topics of study relating to nutrition include
-	Eating Disorders
-	Eating Habits and Behaviors 
-	Food and Emotions
-	Food Insecurity

Health Psychology and Nutrition

Health Psychology research relating to Physical Health studies the interaction between physical health and our other dimensions of health. This research can be divided into categories regarding
-	Life Stages & Aging 
-	Physical Health in General 
-	Specific Physical Health Conditions
- Specific Physical Health Signs & Symptoms

Health Psychology and Physical Health

Health Psychology Research relating to Social Health studies the interaction between physical health and our other dimensions of health. This research can be divided into categories regarding
-	Social Identity
-	Social Groups & Relationships 

Health Psychology and Social Health

Health Psychology research relating to stress studies the interaction between stress, stressors, and our health. Topics of interest include
-	Stress Management


Health Psychology and Stress

Physiological approaches to health psychology: The physiological approach to health psychology focuses on the individual’s biological makeup, behavior and experiences. The goal of treatment in health psychology is to modify variables that affect illness, and therefore incorporate a physiological approach or utilize a combination of a physiological approach with another. Oftentimes, physiological approaches such as biofeedback and relaxation are used in combination with other treatment types. 

Physiological Approaches to Health Psychology

Health psychology research related to leisure activities investigates how voluntary engagement in non-work activities during spare time impacts one's health and well-being. Topics of interest may include: 

- LA Categorization 
- Lifestyle
- Health Promotion
- Protective Role
- Preventive Role
- Intervening Role
- Symptom Management
- Mechanisms of Action (MOA)

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