As participants’ conceptions of OCW environments move up the hierarchy, their conceptions of other key aspects of OCW also change: 
- Purpose of writing environment
- Role of teachers
- Role of students

Dimensions of Variation in Conceptions of OCW Environments

- Writers with a broader, learning-focused conception of OCW tended to favor a more open OCW environment, while writers with a more product-focused conception tended to prefer pre-arranged environments. 
- However, about 75% of the participants indicated that they preferred scaffolded environments that were well-supported and adequately managed. The researchers theorized that this focus on scaffolding was because categories higher on the hierarchy are still inclusive of the lower tiers, so someone with primarily learning-focused OCW goals would still value creating a good product. As such, some guidance in group coordination and organization to facilitate effective group writing would be appreciated by most writers.


Associations between Conceptions of OCW Tasks and OCW Environments

A few associations were uncovered between students' conceptions of OCW and some other factors, such as:
- English language proficiency
- Work experience
- Information and communications technology (ICT) skills

Associations Between Conceptions of OCW and Student Characteristics

The three categories of conceptions represent an expansion of focus from seeing an optimal OCW environment as being guided and monitored to seeing it as a student-led open space for creative discussion and learning.


New York University

- Collaborative writing refers to the creation of a document through the combined efforts of more than one author. The scope of CW involves not just the writing process, but also challenges such as group coordination, team formation, and planning.
- Online collaborative writing poses further challenges due to poorer quality of communication and social awareness in online environments.

Online Collaborative Writing

Limbu, L., & Markauskaite, L. (2015). How do learners experience joint writing: University students' conceptions of online collaborative writing tasks and environments. Computers & Education, 82, 393-408.


How do Learners Experience Joint Writing: University Students’ Conceptions of Online Collaborative Writing

The four categories of conceptions represent an expansion of focus from seeing OCW as simple division of labor to seeing it as a more complex process of collaborative knowledge-construction and learning.


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