Classes of substances and medications that invoke severe sleep disturbances and can occur in association with intoxication and withdrawal include:

• Alcohol
• Caffeine
• Cannabis
• Opioids
• Sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics
• Stimulants (i.e. cocaine)
• Tobacco (only with substance withdrawal, not intoxication)
• Unknown (any substance/medication not listed above that likely affects the central or autonomic nervous systems)