University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Participants not likely to share false headlines with warnings
- Significant implied truth effect where participants were again more likely to share false headlines without warnings than control headlines (approximately 1/3 of warning effect like in study 1)
- In the treatment and verification group, participants were not likely to share false headlines with FALSE label and were more likely to share true headlines with TRUE label 
- Compared to the control (group 1) and warning treatment (group 2), participants receiving the warnings and verification (group 3) treatment were not as likely to share headlines without tags 
- Participants perceived untagged headlines as already verified in the absence of explicit verifications 
- Found that people’s willingness to share the headlines had strong correlations to the number of tweets and retweets those headlines actually got on Twitter 

The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings - Study 2 Results

Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Collins, E. T., & Rand, D. G. (2020). The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings. Management Science, 66(11), 4944-4957. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3478

The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings

The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings - Study 2 Warning and Verification Figure

The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings - Study 2 Results Figure

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