Every stimulus pattern is perceived in a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Proposed by Gestalt psychologists, the principles of perceptual organization explain how humans group sensory stimuli to form meaningful wholes, differing from structuralism's view that perception is just the sum of sensations. These principles include:
- The principle of good continuation
- The principle of good figure (law of pragnanz or principle of simplicity)
- The principle of similarity
- The principle of proximity
- The principle of closure

Principles of perceptual organization

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

The principle of good figure (law of pragnanz or principle of simplicity)

The principle of proximity is a Gestalt principle for organizing sensory stimuli which asserts that things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together. Because of this principle, elements arranged near each other are perceived as more related than those placed further apart, and are viewed as a group rather than as individual elements.

Principle of Proximity

According to the principle of similarity, humans tend to group together objects or stimuli that share similar characteristics. This perceptual grouping occurs in our visual fields, allowing us to organize and make sense of complex scenes.

The Principle of Similarity

The principle of good continuation, also known as the law of continuity, posits that people tend to perceive elements in a way that forms continuous, smooth-flowing lines rather than jagged or broken ones. When viewing lines, the human eye will follow the smoothest path, grouping together points that appear to form a continuous line and perceiving overlapping objects as whole and continuous behind the obstruction.

The Principle of Good Continuation (Law of Continuity)

The principle of closure is a Gestalt principle stating that individuals tend to organize their visual perceptions into complete, unified objects rather than perceiving them as a disjointed series of individual parts.

Principle of Closure

Pattern perception is our ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes. According to Gestalt theorists, this process occurs by following established principles of perceptual organization.

Pattern Perception

During a parade, you observe a marching band. The musicians are all wearing identical red and white uniforms and are arranged in several distinct rectangular blocks. Even though individual musicians are moving, you perceive them as a few large, unified groups rather than as dozens of separate individuals. Which two principles of perceptual organization best explain this experience?

Learn Before

Related