Recall is a method of memory retrieval that involves accessing information from memory without any external cues. This is often what people think of as 'remembering.' For instance, answering a question on an essay test requires a person to use recall to generate the information from their memory.

Recall in Memory

Recognition is a method of memory retrieval that involves identifying information one has previously learned upon re-exposure. This process requires comparing new stimuli with existing memories. Examples include selecting the correct answer on a multiple-choice test or recognizing former classmates at a high school reunion from their photos, even if their names cannot be recalled.

Recognition in Memory

Relearning is a method of memory retrieval demonstrated by re-acquiring knowledge that was previously learned. The ease and speed with which this material is mastered, even after a long period of disuse, indicates that some memory of it was retained.

Relearning in Memory

Information can be retrieved from the long-term memory storage system through three primary methods: recall, recognition, and relearning.

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Retrieval is the process of accessing information from memory storage and bringing it back into conscious awareness. This action is analogous to locating and opening a saved file on a computer's hard drive, making it accessible on the desktop for use. The capacity to retrieve information from long-term memory is fundamental to everyday functioning.

Retrieval in Memory

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

The process of bringing up old memories is called memory reconstruction. When a memory is retrieved from long-term storage into short-term memory, it becomes flexible and susceptible to modification. During this process, old memories can be unintentionally combined with new events, which alters what a person believes they remember and can result in inaccuracies or distortions.

Memory Reconstruction

The ability to retrieve memories is essential for performing routine daily tasks. For instance, actions such as brushing one's hair and teeth, driving a car to work, and carrying out job-related duties all depend on successfully accessing stored information.

Examples of Retrieval in Everyday Functioning

Three Methods of Memory Retrieval

A student studies diligently for a history exam and feels confident they know the material. During the exam, they encounter a question about a specific date. They are certain they learned it and can even picture the page in the textbook where the information is, but they cannot consciously bring the exact date to mind. This 'tip-of-the-tongue' experience is a classic example of a failure in which memory process?

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