Also known as the neurosurgery for mental disorders, psychosurgery is the surgical modification of the brain to treat psychiatric disorder. It involves much smaller lesions and is rarely performed (last resort). It can be used for many other disorders also such as severe epilepsy. 

Miami University of Ohio

Earlier, there were no treatments to help people who are suffering from schizophrenia. Add to this the neglected institutions where patients were not cared for, people were desperate for treatment and they resorted to a procedure called lobotomy.
Other treatments are: 
- Psychosurgery 
- Drug called Chlorpromazine

Currently, there are additional therapies used for treatment of schizophrenia.

In 2020, The American Psychiatric Association released a clinical practice guideline with pharmacotherapy and psychosocial intervention recommendations.

Pharmacotherapy recommendations:
- Antipsychotic medication (2nd generation agents)
- Clozapine for treatment-resistant patients OR patients with persistent suicidal thoughts/attempts OR consistent hostility and aggressive tendencies)

Psychosocial Intervention recommendations
- A specially coordinated care program created for patients who undergo their first episode of psychosis
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Treatment of Schizophrenia 

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

It is the surgical separation of the parts of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain. Even though there was no scientific evidence behind this treatment, few recoveries made it seem like this was helping patients with schizophrenia. 
An image of the same is attached below: 

Lobotomy: Earliest Treatment of Schizophrenia 

Treatment of Schizophrenia : Psychosurgery 

 An antipsychotic drug, one of the class of phenothiazines, this drug proved to be a actual treatment of schizophrenia as it was found that chlorpromazine reduces the positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as the hallucinations, delusions and disordered thinking. Also known as Thorazine, it revolutionized psychiatry and helped many patients. 

Treatment of Schizophrenia: Chlorpromazine

1st-generation antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics and conventional antipsychotics, were a 1950s breakthrough. They were made as dopamine antagonists and they seemed to reduce positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. These drugs were about 60%-70% effective for people with schizophrenia in reducing their symptoms. The two most popular 1st-generation antipsychotics are Chlorpromazine and Fluphenazine.

Treatment of Schizophrenia using 1st-Generation Antipsychotics

2nd-generation antipsychotics, also known as atypical antipsychotics, are different from 1st-generation in that they are not primarily dopamine antagonists and they dont just reduce positive symptoms, but also negative symptoms like apathy and alogia. They are not found to be more effective or be better tolerated than 1st generation in treatment as it depends on the patient and what works for them.

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