Typhoid fever is characterized by nausea, lethargy, high fever, body aches, and a possible rash. Furthermore, intestinal ulceration and perforation due to the disease can lead to death. Disseminated disease can cause many complications including pneumonia and jaundice.

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Serotypes of S. enterica, specifically Typhi and Paratyphi, lead to the disease.

Typhoid Fever Caused by S. enterica

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Typhoid Fever: Signs and Symptoms

S. typhi penetrates intestinal mucosa, enters into macrophages, and is released into the bloodstream and the lymphatic system after macrophages lyse in different areas such as the liver and gallbladder. This serotype has Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) that have genes for virulence factors such as typhoid toxins Vi and A2B5.

Typhoid Fever: Virulence Factors

Carriers can spread the disease through their feces; food or water contaminated with these feces can infect individuals that consumed them.

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