- Student background characteristics: 
    - High school GPA, ethnicity, and income. All three included as control measures. 
    - They note that it was very important to include ethnicity and income because these variables are often tied to obstacles that first-generation students face —> then could see obstacles of students independent of race and income. 
- 10 Student experiences and views variables: 
    - working as the primary wage earner
    - skipping class
    - using email or internet for homework
    - hours per week working at a job
    - hours per week doing housework or childcare
    - hours per week watching TV
    - hours per week spending time on campus
    - hours per week talking with students about non-school-related things
    - hours per week studying alone at home
    - and hours per week studying alone in the college library.
- 2 more behavioral variables added
    - Interacting with instructors and/or stand 
    - Studying with other students 
- 8 variables reflecting students’ views: 
    - difficulty understanding the English language**
    - grades are a reflection of learning
    - difficulty because of my race
    - difficulty meeting deadlines
    - nervous about attending college
    - family is more important than career
    - feelings of belonging at the college
    - starting an assignment a day before it is due.
- 1 ideational factor
    - Being determined and confident 

Understanding Students’ Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status: More Variables Taken Into Account

- Four dependent variables to distinguish an education level from the one right above or below it: 
    - Junior high vs high school 
    - High school vs community college 
    - Community college vs four-year college 
    - Four-year college vs graduate school 
- Fifth dependent variable: 
    - First generation vs non first generation (to see how the characteristics relate to this commonly used dichotomy)

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Conducted ANOVA to examine differences in students with varying parental education levels 
    - Parental education levels were compared by income and race 
- Then, made five logistic regression equations to see which aspects of students’ experiences and views reflect parental education level after controlling for students’ background characteristics 

Understanding Students’ Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status: Analyses

Lee, J. J., Sax, L. J., Kim, K. A., & Hagedorn, L. S. (2004). Understanding Students’ Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status. Community College Review, 32(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/009155210403200101

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