- Being Black/African American, Pacific Islander, or Asian Indian is positively associated with community college (vs. high school) parental education, while being Mexican/Mexican American and believing that grades reflect learning relate to high school parental education. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- The findings discussed align with prior literature on first generation students, but more interesting are the different sets of significant predictors across levels of parental education 
    -  Group A (junior high school parental education vs. high school parental education)
    - Group B (high school parental education vs. community college parental education)
    - Group C (community college parental education vs. four-year college parental education)
    -  Group D ( (graduate school vs. four-year college)

Understanding Students’ Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status: Findings

Lee, J. J., Sax, L. J., Kim, K. A., & Hagedorn, L. S. (2004). Understanding Students’ Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status. Community College Review, 32(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/009155210403200101

Understanding Students’ Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status

-  Black/ African American students were 2.9 times more likely than other racial groups to have parents who attended high school, while Mexican/Mexican American and Latino/a students had less educated parents

Understanding Students’ Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status: Findings Group A

Understanding Students’ Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status: Findings Group B

-  students whose parents attended four-year institutions (vs. community colleges) are 1.72 times more likely to be North Asian, whereas students whose parents stopped at the community college are .47 times less likely to be Mexican/Mexican American and .73 times less likely to serve as the primary wage earner. 

Understanding Students’ Parental Education Beyond First-Generation Status: Findings Group C

- Students who have a parent who attended graduate school (vs. four-year college) are 1.09 times more likely to have a higher high school GPA, 1.25 times more likely to struggle with the English language, and 1.12 times more likely to believe that grades reflect learning.
-  Students whose parents stopped at the four-year college tend to be North Asian and less likely to watch TV. 
-  "Such findings suggest that although students with four-year college educated parents may have lower high school GPAs in comparison to students with graduate school educated parents, their lower grades may be likely attributable to difficulties with English and not necessarily due to difficulties with the courses"


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