- Police confiscated fewer items and used less violence however both were still prevalent
- Saw decline in syringe and crack pipe sharing


Effects of the Policy Change

- Vancouver Canada changed their policing policy in 2006 to Stop the enforcement of paraphernalia confiscation and the use of violence on PWID they additionally increased the use of harm reduction measures such as needle exchanges. 
- In summation, this study is focused on how policing changes affect harm reduction and therefore the prevalence of high risk behavior which can translate into HIV spread

Ohio State University, Columbus

- Harm Reduction can reduce the spread of disease through a variety of policies, syringe exchange, decrease intimidation etc. goes back to the definition of the term to rescue the individual and societla harms of drug use

Reducing the Spread of Diseases (Harm Reduction and Epidemology)

Landsberg, Adina, et al. “Declining Trends in Exposures to Harmful Policing among People Who Inject Drugs in Vancouver, Canada.” Journal of the International AIDS Society, International AIDS Society, 18 July 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4951540/. 

Declining trends in exposures to harmful policing among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada 

- Currently, Ukraine is attempting to increase harm reduction policies and attempting to understand why they are not as effective as they should be

Ukraine and Harm Reduction: A Focus on Policing

Vancouver Canada and Analyzing Policing Policy Changes and their Effect of PWID

- The first study of its kind in China, this study focused on Xichang City, in Sichuan Province in SW Chine. 6000,000 people live in the city and its is along many drug trade routes. The people in China have suffered from major drug issues since the economic shift in the 1980s, plus the proximity to the Golden Triangle where much of Asia's opium originates from heroin is the dominant drug of choice in China with 87.6% of drug users abuse it. Currently, its estimated that HIV has spread throughout the country at least intially and still party to do because of Injection Drug use or IDU. Therefore 

SW China Heroin, and HIV

HIV/AIDS is an infectious disease spread through sexual contact or sharing blood. This disease originated from Africa and may have been there since the 1920s, however, there was a ride in efforts to make HIV/AIDS more manageable when it came to the United States. Now we have medicine that people can take that will increase life expectancy and make living with the disease more manageable. This disease is chronic, if you get it there are no known cures. HIV/AIDS is significantly less prevalent in the United States than it was because of preventative measures and education. However, it's still a very serious problem in low-income countries. It is currently estimated that 21% of the population that is living with HIV/AIDs does not know they carry the disease.

HIV/AIDS virus information

- Estonia is part of the wider Eastern European/Central Asian area which saw a 66% increase inHIV infections from 2001-2007

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