- Neuro-optometric rehabilitation therapy
- Corrective lenses
- Syntonic phototherapy
- Eye muscle surgery

Treatments for Visual Impairments

- Macular degeneration
- Color blindness
- Achromatopsia
- Hemianopsia/Hemianopia
- Quadrantanopia
- Photophobia
- Blepharospasm
- Visual Aura
- Strabismus
 - Nystagmus

Types of Visual Impairments

Many different conditions can cause visual impairment or blindness. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- How the eye functions
- Neural signals to the brain regions
- Receptive fields
- Brain regions involved in sight
- Vision impairment and blindness
- Visual illusions

Topics in Vision

As the primary sensory organ for vision, the eye captures and transmits light waves from the environment. These waves initiate the process of sight by entering through the pupil after passing across the cornea.

How the eye functions

Vision impairment and blindness

- Visual information is first processed by cells in the retina 
    - photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells
- Axons of ganglion cells make up the optic nerve, which transmits this visual information to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the superior colliculus of the brain
- Neurons of the LGN synapse on the primary visual cortex, in the occipital lobe

Neural signals from the eye to the brain

- The visual cortex has many regions that process visual information
- Most visual information passes through the primary visual cortex, or area V1 or Brodmann area 17
- There are many other areas of the visual cortex that have important roles in vision

Brain regions involved in sight

- Sensory stimulus region and features that elicit a neuronal response
- Provides information about the function of a cell
- Neurons at different levels of the visual systems have different receptive fields, and therefore, different functions in vision

Receptive fields of visual system

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel were neurophysiologists whose groundbreaking research on the visual system earned them the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Over two decades of collaboration, they made fundamental discoveries about how the brain processes visual information, particularly regarding the neurology of perception.

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