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Even complex correlational research cannot unambiguously establish that one variable causes another. Because these approaches are purely correlational, the best they can achieve is to demonstrate patterns of statistical relationships that are consistent with some causal interpretations and inconsistent with others.

Causal Limitations of Complex Correlational Research

What is the primary causal limitation of complex correlational research?

Even if a complex correlational study demonstrates a clear pattern of statistical relationships that align with a specific causal theory, the study itself cannot unambiguously establish that one variable causes the other.

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