- Each Theoretical Estimand is linked to an Empirical Estimand, which only has the observational quantities, and this is by assumptions that we make about the data we observe. 
- One can also choose an estimation strategy to use and learn how to operate the empirical estimand
- this paper refers to estimands as both theoretical and empirical. 

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- The theoretical estimand has two aspects: One is the unit specific quantity, which tells the realized outcome and the other is the theoretical estimand of a target population
- A paper may have multiple Theoretical Estimands. 
 

Theoretical Estimand

Lundberg, I., Johnson, R., & Stewart, B. (2020, January 7). What is Your Estimand? Defining the Target Quantity Connects Statistical Evidence to Theory. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/ba67n

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