- stimulation of the brain which is also non-invasive (not surgically inserted)
- delivered through someone's scalp and a pair of electrodes
- oscillating frequencies

Santa Clara University

Although the team did not find any suggestive conclusions in regard to taVNS and attention, it is important to look at the individual studies they have evaluated for this category of articles.

- One study involved taVNS, Electroencephalogram (EEG) data, and transcranial random noise stimulation and found that taVNS had no significant effect on response times.

- Another study involved healthy college students and found that they did not respond differently to taVNS

- The final study that did not change with taVNS was a study that involved  a switching condition with a concept-shifting task

- The one study that did respond differently to taVNS is a study that involved looking at different landscapes and types of emotional expressions; the researchers found that taVNS helped to improve judgment skills.

Ridgewell's meta-analysis: Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Attention

Moret, B., Donato, R., Nucci, M., Cona, G., & Campana, G. (2019). Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS): a wide range of frequencies is needed for increasing cortical excitability. Scientific reports, 9(1), 15150. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51553-7

Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS): a wide range of frequencies is needed for increasing cortical excitability

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a technique used to obtain a measure of the brain's overall electrical activity. It involves placing an array of electrodes on a person's scalp to record brainwaves. The resulting data provides high-precision information, accurate to the millisecond, about the frequency and amplitude of these waves, making it ideal for applications like sleep studies where precise spatial information is not required.

Electroencephalography (EEG)

What is Transcranial random noise stimulation

*This study used the term concept-shifting however from my research it seems that cognitive shifting may be the correct term for this*

Cognitive Shifting is the brain's ability to adapt to new or unexpected events. It asks of a person how much they are able to see that something isn't working and find ways to change that behavior. 

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