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The statistical relationship between age and the enjoyment of hip hop music provides a clear example of how restriction of range can mislead researchers. Across the general population, there may be a strong negative correlation (e.g., $$r = -0.77$$) between these variables. However, if data is collected exclusively from a restricted age group—such as $$18$$- to $$24$$-year-olds—the relationship appears artificially weak, dropping to a Pearson's $$r$$ of $$0$$. This demonstrates the importance of sampling a wide range of values to accurately capture overall trends and avoid obscured results.

Example of Restriction of Range: Age and Hip Hop Music

When studying the relationship between age and enjoyment of hip hop music, what happens to the observed correlation if data is collected exclusively from a narrow age group, such as 18- to 24-year-olds?

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