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While outliers are generally understood as extreme values within a dataset, $$z$$ scores provide a formal, quantitative method for identifying them. Commonly, outliers are defined as scores that fall more than three standard deviations away from the mean. In standardized terms, any score with a $$z$$ score strictly less than $$-3.00$$ or strictly greater than $$+3.00$$ is classified as an outlier.

Defining Outliers using z Scores

When using $z$ scores to formally identify extreme values in a dataset, which of the following provides the commonly accepted quantitative definition of an outlier?

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