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Researchers generally use two main strategies to derive a hypothesis from a scientific theory. The first approach involves formulating an interesting research question and then analyzing whether an existing theory logically implies an answer to it. The second approach involves isolating a specific component or process within a theory that has not yet been directly observed, and then generating a hypothesis to empirically test that specific unobserved element.

Methods for Deriving Hypotheses from Theories

Habituation theory provides practical illustrations for deriving hypotheses. Using the first method—asking if a theory implies an answer to a new question—habituation theory logically implies that writing about positive events will not improve health, because it does not involve habituating to negative feelings. Using the second method—focusing on an unobserved component—a researcher could hypothesize that individuals will show fewer measurable signs of emotional distress with each consecutive writing session by focusing directly on the unobserved process of 'habituation'.

Example of Deriving a Hypothesis from Habituation Theory

Among the strongest hypotheses are those formulated to distinguish between competing scientific theories. In this scenario, researchers identify two theories that offer conflicting explanations for the same phenomenon. They then design a study and derive a single hypothesis where each theory implies a mutually exclusive outcome. Because the predictions are opposite, observing the study's results will confirm one theory's prediction while simultaneously disconfirming the alternative.

Testing Competing Theories with Hypotheses

Which of the following accurately describes one of the main strategies researchers use to derive a hypothesis from a scientific theory?

A researcher notices that an established theory of social conformity describes an internal cognitive mechanism that has never been directly measured in any published study. The researcher then creates a hypothesis predicting specific observable outcomes if that mechanism operates as the theory claims. This approach illustrates deriving a hypothesis by identifying an untested component within a theory and designing an empirical test for it.

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