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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) serves as a prime example of a psychological measure that functions effectively despite lacking face validity. Many of its 567 statements have no obvious connection to the personality characteristics they measure—such as assessing the suppression of aggression through questions about enjoying mystery stories. Instead of relying on the literal answers, researchers analyze the overall pattern of responses to determine the presence of a trait.

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