Mickelson, R. A. (1989). Why does Jane read and write so well? The anomaly of women's achievement. Sociology of Education, 62, 47-63. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112823 

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- social norms generally unsupportive of academic effort, especially for male students
- many students limit their academic effort to attain approval from their peers
- student role of being diligent, hard-working, attentive is more compatible with female than male gender norms (Mickelson, 1989)
- goals of peer approval and academic success are therefore oftentimes in competition
- social costs to academic effort thus come in the form of lost peer approval 

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