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Sigmund Freud used the case study of 'Anna O.' (Bertha Pappenheim) to illustrate the principles of his psychoanalytic theory. She presented with odd physical and psychological symptoms, such as an inability to drink fluids, which Freud attributed to a repressed memory of a dog drinking from a glass. He claimed that recalling this event and expressing the repressed emotion under hypnosis cured her symptom. While the case effectively illustrates psychoanalytic concepts, it lacks evidentiary value for the theory because it is impossible to verify if the repression caused the symptom or if recalling the trauma led to the cure.

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