Case Study

Why reviewing only mistaken labels can distort validation results

Case context: A retail recommendation team audits its validation set after noticing several wrong predictions. They correct label errors only for the examples the model predicted incorrectly and conclude that the validation score is now unbiased.

Question: What is wrong with this approach, and what should the team do instead if it wants an unbiased evaluation set?

Sample answer: The process is biased because it changes labels selectively. Some examples were mislabeled even though the model predicted them correctly, so those errors remain hidden. A fair audit requires checking labels from both groups—mistaken predictions and correct predictions—or leaving the validation labels unchanged unless both groups can be reviewed.

Key points:

  • Identify that selective relabeling creates evaluation bias.
  • Explain that mislabeled examples among correct predictions are still missed.
  • Recommend auditing a mix of correct and incorrect predictions, or not altering the set at all if a balanced audit is not possible.

Rubric: The answer must explain that correcting only mistaken predictions leaves hidden label errors and should recommend checking both correct and incorrect predictions, or not changing the validation set.

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Updated 2026-08-12

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