https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Logical reasoning is the process of using a rational, systematic series of steps based on sound certain mathematical procedures and statements to arrive at a conclusion. 

There are three types of the reasoning:
- Abductive Reasoning 
- Deductive Reasoning 
- Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning

Eliminating different hypothesis to draw a conclusion.  The conclusion logically follows from "premises".

Deductive reasoning

Abductive reasoning usually starts with an incomplete set of observations and proceeds to the most possible explanation for the group of observations. It is based on making and testing hypotheses using the best information available.

Abductive reasoning is useful for forming hypotheses to be tested.

Abductive Reasoning 

Inductive reasoning is a method that moves from specific empirical observations to broader generalizations. Scientists utilize this process to formulate theories and generate hypotheses. However, a key characteristic of inductive reasoning is that its conclusions are not guaranteed to be correct, even when based on multiple, accurate observations.

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