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Tokens are a type of secondary reinforcer used in behavior modification. Like stickers or praise, they have no inherent value but acquire reinforcing qualities because they can be accumulated and later exchanged for meaningful rewards and privileges.

Tokens as Secondary Reinforcers

A token economy is a behavior management system where individuals earn tokens for desirable behaviors. These tokens act as secondary reinforcers and can be exchanged for various rewards or privileges. This system is highly effective for modifying behavior in diverse settings, including schools, prisons, and mental health facilities. Research confirms that token economies can significantly increase appropriate social behaviors and improve academic achievement across a wide range of age groups and abilities.

Token Economy

A classroom teacher implements a system where students receive a paper coupon for every homework assignment they turn in on time. After collecting five coupons, a student can trade them in for 15 minutes of free time on a tablet. Why are the paper coupons effective in encouraging students to complete their homework?

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