How is the percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) defined in single-subject research?

Assuming a researcher's goal is to increase a target behavior in a single-subject design, arrange the steps for calculating the Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) in the correct order.

A researcher is evaluating an intervention designed to increase target behaviors in a single-subject study. Match each data scenario to the correct calculation and interpretation of the Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND).

When evaluating the results of single-subject research, a Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) of $0\%$ provides conclusive evidence that the intervention had no effect on the target behavior.

In single-subject research, what does a greater Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) indicate?

In a single-subject research study aimed at decreasing a problem behavior, a Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) of $100\%$ indicates that every data point in the treatment phase was lower than the lowest data point recorded in the baseline phase.

A researcher uses a single-subject design to increase a student's time on task. Baseline scores (minutes) across four sessions are: 12, 15, 13, and 16. Treatment scores across ten sessions are: 18, 17, 16, 19, 20, 21, 15, 18, 19, and 22. The Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) for this study is _____%.

A researcher is using a single-subject design to evaluate an intervention designed to increase a participant's daily steps. During the baseline (control) phase, the highest recorded number of steps is 4,000. During the treatment phase, the participant records the following daily step counts across five sessions: 3,500, 4,200, 4,500, 3,800, and 5,000. Apply the definition of the Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) to calculate the PND for this study and explain what your result indicates about the treatment effect. Provide a concise analytical response.

Based on the provided data, calculate the Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) for both patients. Diagnose which patient demonstrated a stronger treatment effect from the intervention and justify your decision using the definition of PND.

A researcher conducts a single-subject study and calculates a Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) of $10\%$. The researcher concludes that this metric indicates a highly successful and strong treatment effect. In one to three sentences, evaluate the validity of the researcher's conclusion based on the principles of PND.

A clinical psychologist is evaluating an intervention designed to decrease a client's daily frequency of verbal outbursts.

The baseline phase (outbursts per day) over $5$ sessions is: $10$, $12$, $8$, $11$, and $9$.

The subsequent treatment phase (outbursts per day) over $10$ sessions is: $6$, $7$, $9$, $5$, $8$, $6$, $7$, $10$, $5$, and $6$.

Based on these data, what is the Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) for this intervention?

A clinical psychologist is evaluating an intervention designed to decrease a client's self-injurious behavior using an AB single-subject design.

• Baseline phase daily frequency (5 sessions): $12$, $11$, $2$ (on an atypical day when the client was highly sedated), $13$, and $11$.
• Treatment phase daily frequency (10 sessions): $8$, $7$, $6$, $5$, $8$, $6$, $7$, $5$, $6$, and $7$.

While visual inspection reveals a highly consistent and clinically significant decrease in behavior during the treatment phase, calculating the Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) yields a value of $0\%$. Which of the following statements best analyzes this discrepancy and identifies the primary limitation of PND illustrated here?

Evaluating the statistical properties of single-subject designs is essential for selecting appropriate metrics. Match each single-subject research scenario with the most accurate methodological evaluation regarding the validity of using the Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) as an effect-size metric.