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A personality disorder is defined by a pervasive and inflexible personality style that significantly deviates from cultural norms, causing problems for the individual and for others. This pattern typically emerges during adolescence or early adulthood and leads to significant distress or functional impairment.

Personality Disorders

- paranoid personality disorder
- schizoid personality disorder
- schizotypal personality disorder
- antisocial personality disorder
- borderline personality disorder
- histrionic personality disorder
- narcissistic personality disorder
- avoidant personality disorder
- dependent personality disorder
- obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
-dissociative identity disorder

Specific Personality Disorders

The DSM-5 outlines 3 steps for clinical psychologists to make accurate diagnoses. This new model emphasizes the description of the psychological difficulty and the degree of the associated problems. 

Diagnosing Personality Disorders

The newest section of the DSM-5 outlines 6 main personality disorders (schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder) that come from the 10 disorders (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder) described in the traditional section.

Main Personality Disorders

“Dark personalities” refer to a set of socially aversive traits in the subclinical range. People with dark personalities don't meet enough of the criteria to be diagnosed with any of the disorders in a clinical setting and are able to flourish in everyday work settings, scholastic settings, and the broader community.


Dark Personalities

Citations for personality disorder sources 

References: Personality Disorders

A comprehensive understanding of personality disorders requires achieving several key learning objectives. These include explaining the essential nature of these disorders and how they differ from other psychological conditions, identifying and contrasting the three distinct clusters of personality disorders, and recognizing the primary features and etiological factors associated with both borderline and antisocial personality disorders.

Learning Objectives for Personality Disorders

The enduring and maladaptive personality styles associated with personality disorders are deeply troubling and problematic for both the individuals and those around them. These styles often lead to interpersonal conflicts, hinder the formation and maintenance of social relationships, and obstruct the achievement of personal life goals.

Consequences of Maladaptive Personality Styles in Personality Disorders

The DSM-5 organizes the 10 recognized personality disorders into three distinct clusters based on shared traits. Cluster A is characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors; Cluster B by impulsive, dramatic, emotional, and erratic behaviors; and Cluster C by nervous and fearful behaviors.

Personality Disorder Clusters in the DSM-5

Based on 2007 research, it is estimated that slightly more than 9% of the United States population is affected by a personality disorder.

Prevalence of Personality Disorders in the U.S.

Within the field of psychology, borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder are widely regarded as being particularly challenging and problematic.

Especially Problematic Personality Disorders

The DSM-5 offers an alternative framework for conceptualizing personality disorders, which is derived from the Five Factor Model of personality. This model assesses personality functioning by evaluating impairments in two primary domains: self-functioning (which includes identity and self-direction) and interpersonal functioning (which includes empathy and intimacy).

Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders

A clinician is evaluating several clients. Which of the following descriptions provides the strongest evidence for a potential personality disorder, based on the fundamental definition of this category of disorders?

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