In a non-experimental study measuring traffic fatalities involving cell phone use by recording naturally occurring data, why are researchers unable to definitively conclude that cell phone use causes the fatalities?

A researcher studies the link between cell phone use and traffic accidents by analyzing existing police records from the past year. Match each part of this study to the research principle it demonstrates based on the characteristics of non-experimental research.

A research group wants to investigate the relationship between driver cell phone use and traffic fatalities by observing data that occurs naturally, without any intervention or manipulation of variables. Arrange the following steps in the correct order to show how this study would be implemented.

A researcher analyzes naturally occurring data on traffic fatalities and cell phone use from the past year. Because this data represents real-world occurrences rather than a controlled laboratory setting, the researcher is justified in evaluating this non-experimental evidence as sufficient to definitively establish that cell phone use causes these fatalities.

In the example of traffic fatalities and cell phone use, what specific action do researchers take to collect their data?

In the traffic fatalities example, the study is classified as non-experimental because researchers observe and record data as it exists rather than assigning drivers to specific cell phone use conditions.

A researcher analyzes traffic fatalities and cell phone use by recording naturally occurring data from the past year. While this design is effective for making a(n) _____ about the likelihood of future accidents based on observed patterns, it cannot prove that cell phone use is the actual cause because the independent variable was not manipulated.

A researcher conducts the traffic fatality study by reviewing police and hospital records from the past year to count accidents involving cell phone use. Apply your understanding of non-experimental research by matching each researcher action or finding to the methodological concept it illustrates.

When analyzing the traffic fatality study, a student notes that researchers recorded existing data without assigning drivers to phone-use or no-phone-use groups. Because no experimental _____ of cell phone use occurred, any apparent link between cell phone use and fatalities could reflect a third unmeasured factor rather than a true cause-and-effect relationship.

A colleague reviews the traffic fatality study and presents this conclusion: 'Because cell phone use appeared in more fatal accidents than non-phone accidents, we can conclude that cell phone use causes traffic deaths.' Arrange the following steps in the correct order for evaluating whether this causal conclusion is justified.