Explain why the research team's design is classified as non-experimental rather than experimental. In your explanation, detail what the researchers are doing with the variables and how this affects their ability to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Case context: A research team wants to investigate the relationship between driver distraction and road safety. They decide to obtain police reports from the past year to extract the number of traffic accidents where the driver was using a cell phone. They do not intervene or change how drivers behave, but simply compile the existing records to see if phone use correlates with accident severity.
Question: Explain why the research team's design is classified as non-experimental rather than experimental. In your explanation, detail what the researchers are doing with the variables and how this affects their ability to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Sample answer: The research team's study is non-experimental because they are merely recording naturally occurring data and not actively manipulating the independent variable (driver cell phone use) or randomly assigning drivers to conditions. Because there is no manipulation or experimental control, the team cannot rule out other confounding factors, meaning they cannot definitively conclude that cell phone use causes traffic accidents.
Key points:
- Classifies the study as non-experimental due to the lack of active manipulation.
- Contrasts recording naturally occurring data with manipulating driver behavior.
- Explains that cause-and-effect (causal) relationships cannot be established without manipulation.
Rubric: The response should demonstrate comprehension by explaining that a non-experimental design records naturally occurring data without active manipulation of the independent variable. It must also articulate that this lack of manipulation directly prevents the establishment of a causal (cause-and-effect) relationship.
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In a non-experimental study measuring traffic fatalities involving cell phone use by recording naturally occurring data, why are researchers unable to definitively conclude that cell phone use causes the fatalities?
A researcher studies the link between cell phone use and traffic accidents by analyzing existing police records from the past year. Match each part of this study to the research principle it demonstrates based on the characteristics of non-experimental research.
A research group wants to investigate the relationship between driver cell phone use and traffic fatalities by observing data that occurs naturally, without any intervention or manipulation of variables. Arrange the following steps in the correct order to show how this study would be implemented.
A researcher analyzes naturally occurring data on traffic fatalities and cell phone use from the past year. Because this data represents real-world occurrences rather than a controlled laboratory setting, the researcher is justified in evaluating this non-experimental evidence as sufficient to definitively establish that cell phone use causes these fatalities.
In the example of traffic fatalities and cell phone use, what specific action do researchers take to collect their data?
In the traffic fatalities example, the study is classified as non-experimental because researchers observe and record data as it exists rather than assigning drivers to specific cell phone use conditions.
A researcher analyzes traffic fatalities and cell phone use by recording naturally occurring data from the past year. While this design is effective for making a(n) _____ about the likelihood of future accidents based on observed patterns, it cannot prove that cell phone use is the actual cause because the independent variable was not manipulated.
A researcher conducts the traffic fatality study by reviewing police and hospital records from the past year to count accidents involving cell phone use. Apply your understanding of non-experimental research by matching each researcher action or finding to the methodological concept it illustrates.
When analyzing the traffic fatality study, a student notes that researchers recorded existing data without assigning drivers to phone-use or no-phone-use groups. Because no experimental _____ of cell phone use occurred, any apparent link between cell phone use and fatalities could reflect a third unmeasured factor rather than a true cause-and-effect relationship.
A colleague reviews the traffic fatality study and presents this conclusion: 'Because cell phone use appeared in more fatal accidents than non-phone accidents, we can conclude that cell phone use causes traffic deaths.' Arrange the following steps in the correct order for evaluating whether this causal conclusion is justified.
Based on the example of measuring traffic fatalities involving cell phone use, define what makes this study 'non-experimental' and state which two of the three goals of science can be fulfilled using this observational research approach.
Explain why the research team's design is classified as non-experimental rather than experimental. In your explanation, detail what the researchers are doing with the variables and how this affects their ability to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Suppose a government official reviews the traffic fatality observational data and concludes: 'Since cell phone use was recorded in numerous fatal crashes last year, we have proven that cell phone use causes these fatalities.' Apply your knowledge of research designs to critique the validity of the official's causal claim.