- Existence of easily accessible technical tools for speeding information about projects and gathering data from the public 
- Increasing awareness among the experts that the public is a free source of labor, skills, computational power, and even finance. 
- Research funders now impose upon every grant holder to undertake project-related science outreach. -> public’s better understanding and appreciation for the projects 

3 factors for the rise of citizen science

New York University

Citizen science is research contributed by nonprofessional participants via crowdsourcing. In citizen science projects, participants either collect data with mobile technologies or analyze existing data through internet-based Virtual Citizen Science (VCS) platforms, while in the accompaniment of a professional scientist or researcher.
This research improves the scientific community's capacity and increases the public's understanding of science.

Citizen science

Silvertown, J. (2009). A new dawn for citizen science. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24(9), 467–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.017

A new dawn for citizen science

This study was conducted to explore the limits of crowdsourcing using complex technical engineering tasks. Two populations were analyzed in this experiment: anonymous crowd workers recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (a marketplace for crowdsourcing microtasks) and civil engineering graduate students. The completion of the tasks was compared between the two groups to assess the effectiveness of using untrained crowd workers for complex tasks that required expertise.

Lessons Learned from Crowdsourcing Complex Engineering Tasks

Bonney, R., Shirk, J. L., Phillips, T. B., Wiggins, A., Ballard, H. L., Miller-Rushing, A. J., & Parrish, J. K. (2014). Next steps for citizen science. Science, 343(6178), 1436–1437. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251554

Next Steps for Citizen Science

Terminology usage and understanding impacts how knowledge is developed. Defining terms for understanding and applying citizen science can help with broad application and general understanding of the science.

The Importance of Terminology in Citizen Science

Direct communication with researchers and participants is important, as well as review one's understanding of the terminology being used in Citizen Science studies. There needs to be a recognition that one term is usually not applicable to all contexts. Further studies on the use of terminology or the review of it in citizen Science is recommended.

Lessons Learned from the Importance of Terminology in Citizen Science

Mueller, M., Tippins, D., Bryan, L., The Future of Citizen Science. Democracy & Education, vol 20, No 1. https://democracyeducationjournal.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=home

The Future of Citizen Science

- community science
- crowd science
- crowd-sourced science
- civic science
- volunteer monitoring
Public Participation in Scientific Research (PPSR)

Alternative names for Citizen Science

This article focuses on the potential contributions of volunteers to scientific research on wildlife in their local communities, such as research on the mammals living along the Appalachian Trail. It also notes the increasing use of citizen scientists across studies and their critical impact on the advancement of ecological research and findings.

Citizen Science: Can Volunteers Do Real Research?

There are research gaps on citizen science in education. In addition, there is a lack of citizen social science projects. Citizen science is also mainly done by adults. Lastly, there is a lack of records of youth participation in citizen science in a school context. 


Gaps in Research on Youth Participation in Citizen Science 

Studies have shown that there have been positive educational outcomes because of youth participation in citizen science. As a result, educators want to promote citizen science projects in the educational system. This study took place in an Austrian school where students participated in projects that dissected what kinds of political topics young people encounter in their everyday lives. 

Citizen Science in Schools

Sexual and reproductive health research currently lacks:
- Collaboration that targets the gaps in evidence
- High quality tools for patients and the public to participate
- Patients and the public as stakeholders, not just as research subject, to create incentive and recognize their contributions

The Need for Citizen Science in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research 

The article examines how would citizen science develop when coupled with emerging technologies, in terms of its research processes, program and participant cultures, and scientific communities. 

The future of citizen science: emerging technologies and shifting paradigms

This Dutch study explores the question of whether citizen science can be effectively used in decision making regarding public health policies. To this end, challenges that come with incorporating citizen science into public health are discussed, as well as ways these issues can be remedied. Finally, a framework for using citizen science in public health is suggested.

Citizen Science for public health

Citizen science projects that utilize technology and are predominantly worked online are considered to be citizen cyberscience. Some citizen science projects strictly collect data in a physical manner, restricting them from falling into the subset of cyberscience. 

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