1. People who participate in citizen science activities for prolonged periods of time are those who already have an increased motivation or interest in the topic because they see their contributions as worthwhile. Additionally, participation in citizen science activities is higher for citizens who are motivated to improve the welfare of their community. 
2. It is a problem that many citizen science activities draw participants into thinking they are doing something scientific when what they are doing does not integrate science, culture, and consequences.

Learnings from Citizen Science Research

Citizen science is a way for normal people within the community to gain meaningful involvement in scientific pursuits that affect their lives. To advance citizen science, more people need to have a say in community decisions. Once participation begins, it doesn’t take much for citizens to become more fully involved. However, the citizen science community should be guided to not just focus on present day agendas, but also the prospects of future generations. 

Advancing Citizen Science

Citizen science is about participation in science by broad citizenry, of all segments of the society. People who do not have access to technologies because of a lack of knowledge or finances are facing a digital divide that prevents them from participating. The key issue the paper highlights is that this divide creates a misrepresentation of groups within the spheres of citizen science. 

The Issue of Accessibility

Youths form the basis of many citizen science projects, and should use this as a way to become more involved in their community and the issues their community faces. The authors believe that community immersion can be used as a way to shift the responsibility of today’s people to the future because it blurs the tensions and distance between schools and communities, encouraging youth participation.

Guidance for the Development of Future Citizen Science Projects

Mueller, M., Tippins, D., Bryan, L., The Future of Citizen Science. Democracy & Education, vol 20, No 1. https://democracyeducationjournal.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=home

New York University

Citizen science is research contributed by nonprofessional participants via crowdsourcing. In citizen science projects, participants either collect data with mobile technologies or analyze existing data through internet-based Virtual Citizen Science (VCS) platforms, while in the accompaniment of a professional scientist or researcher.
This research improves the scientific community's capacity and increases the public's understanding of science.

Citizen science

This study was conducted to explore the limits of crowdsourcing using complex technical engineering tasks. Two populations were analyzed in this experiment: anonymous crowd workers recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (a marketplace for crowdsourcing microtasks) and civil engineering graduate students. The completion of the tasks was compared between the two groups to assess the effectiveness of using untrained crowd workers for complex tasks that required expertise.

Lessons Learned from Crowdsourcing Complex Engineering Tasks

Bonney, R., Shirk, J. L., Phillips, T. B., Wiggins, A., Ballard, H. L., Miller-Rushing, A. J., & Parrish, J. K. (2014). Next steps for citizen science. Science, 343(6178), 1436–1437. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251554

Next Steps for Citizen Science

A new dawn for citizen science

Terminology usage and understanding impacts how knowledge is developed. Defining terms for understanding and applying citizen science can help with broad application and general understanding of the science.

The Importance of Terminology in Citizen Science

Direct communication with researchers and participants is important, as well as review one's understanding of the terminology being used in Citizen Science studies. There needs to be a recognition that one term is usually not applicable to all contexts. Further studies on the use of terminology or the review of it in citizen Science is recommended.

Lessons Learned from the Importance of Terminology in Citizen Science

The Future of Citizen Science

- community science
- crowd science
- crowd-sourced science
- civic science
- volunteer monitoring
Public Participation in Scientific Research (PPSR)

Alternative names for Citizen Science

This article focuses on the potential contributions of volunteers to scientific research on wildlife in their local communities, such as research on the mammals living along the Appalachian Trail. It also notes the increasing use of citizen scientists across studies and their critical impact on the advancement of ecological research and findings.

Citizen Science: Can Volunteers Do Real Research?

There are research gaps on citizen science in education. In addition, there is a lack of citizen social science projects. Citizen science is also mainly done by adults. Lastly, there is a lack of records of youth participation in citizen science in a school context. 


Gaps in Research on Youth Participation in Citizen Science 

Studies have shown that there have been positive educational outcomes because of youth participation in citizen science. As a result, educators want to promote citizen science projects in the educational system. This study took place in an Austrian school where students participated in projects that dissected what kinds of political topics young people encounter in their everyday lives. 

Citizen Science in Schools

Sexual and reproductive health research currently lacks:
- Collaboration that targets the gaps in evidence
- High quality tools for patients and the public to participate
- Patients and the public as stakeholders, not just as research subject, to create incentive and recognize their contributions

The Need for Citizen Science in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research 

The article examines how would citizen science develop when coupled with emerging technologies, in terms of its research processes, program and participant cultures, and scientific communities. 

The future of citizen science: emerging technologies and shifting paradigms

This Dutch study explores the question of whether citizen science can be effectively used in decision making regarding public health policies. To this end, challenges that come with incorporating citizen science into public health are discussed, as well as ways these issues can be remedied. Finally, a framework for using citizen science in public health is suggested.

Citizen Science for public health

Citizen science projects that utilize technology and are predominantly worked online are considered to be citizen cyberscience. Some citizen science projects strictly collect data in a physical manner, restricting them from falling into the subset of cyberscience. 

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