Arrange the procedural steps of the Ross and Horner (2009) bullying prevention study in the correct chronological order to illustrate their staggered implementation.

In the Ross and Horner (2009) bullying prevention study, researchers implemented a program across three schools at different times (a staggered implementation). Which of the following findings would most clearly demonstrate that the program was responsible for the change in student behavior?

A school psychologist reads the following conclusion from a research report: "Because aggressive behavior among the targeted students declined shortly after the bullying prevention program was introduced at each school—and each school received the program at a different point in time—it is highly unlikely that some outside event (e.g., a seasonal change or a school-wide announcement) caused the behavioral improvements." Based on the logic of a staggered-implementation design across three separate schools, this conclusion is justified.

In the Ross and Horner (2009) bullying prevention study, researchers introduced a program to three schools at staggered intervals. Match each hypothetical observation pattern with the scientific conclusion it supports regarding the study's internal validity.

A critic evaluates the Ross and Horner (2009) study and suggests that the observed reduction in aggressive behavior was simply a seasonal coincidence. To logically refute this critique and defend the study's internal validity, one must point to the ________ implementation of the program across schools, which demonstrated that behavior changed only when the intervention began at each site.

Imagine you are tasked with designing a research project to evaluate a new intervention across three different student groups ($G1$, $G2$, and $G3$) using the scientific logic of the Ross and Horner (2009) bullying prevention study. Which of the following implementation plans should you construct to most effectively demonstrate that the intervention—rather than an external event—caused the behavioral changes?

In the 2009 bullying prevention study by Ross and Horner, the researchers implemented the prevention program at all three participating schools simultaneously.

In their 2009 bullying prevention study, Scott Ross and Robert Horner evaluated a school-wide program by tracking student behaviors across three different schools. Match each key methodological component of this study with the description that explains its specific role or definition.

In the Ross and Horner (2009) study, researchers evaluated the internal validity of the bullying prevention program by analyzing whether student behavior changes were tied to the intervention. By observing that aggressive behaviors decreased only after the _____ introduction of the program at each school, they ruled out external coincidences.

Order the logical steps a researcher must follow to evaluate whether a multiple-baseline design across participants (like the Ross and Horner study) successfully demonstrates internal validity and rules out external history threats.