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Ross and Horner Bullying Prevention Study
In 2009, Scott Ross and Robert Horner conducted a study illustrating the multiple-baseline design across participants by evaluating a school-wide bullying prevention program. They observed the aggressive behaviors of specific problem students across three different schools to establish a baseline. They then implemented the prevention program at the first school, waited two weeks to implement it at the second school, and waited another two weeks for the third school. Because the aggressive behaviors of the students dropped shortly after the program was implemented at their respective schools, the staggered introduction made it highly unlikely that the changes were due to external coincidences, demonstrating the internal validity of the design.
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
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Ross and Horner Bullying Prevention Study
Multiple-Baseline Design Across Participants Example
In a multiple-baseline design across participants, what is the crucial procedural feature that helps establish internal validity?
A researcher wants to evaluate a new note-taking intervention using three participants. She records each participant's exam scores during a baseline phase and then begins the intervention with all three participants during the same week. Because she measured baselines for multiple individuals, this design effectively rules out the possibility that an outside event—rather than the intervention—caused any observed improvement in exam scores.
A clinical researcher is testing a new social-skills intervention with three children. To demonstrate that the intervention is effective and rule out outside influences, the researcher plans to stagger when each child begins the treatment. Arrange the following steps in the correct chronological order to properly execute this study.
A researcher evaluates a social skills program for students using a multiple-baseline design across participants. Match each hypothetical data pattern with the appropriate analysis of its impact on the study's internal validity.
A researcher is critiquing a study that used a multiple-baseline design across four participants to test a new behavioral intervention. The researcher finds that all participants improved simultaneously on the same day, even though three of the participants were still in the baseline phase and had not yet received the treatment. In evaluating the strength of this evidence, the researcher must conclude that the study fails to demonstrate ______ validity.
In a multiple-baseline design across participants, the experience of each individual involved in the study essentially follows which basic single-subject design structure?
A researcher is conducting a multiple-baseline design across participants to evaluate a new reading intervention. Match each procedural element or concept with the statement that best describes its role in establishing the study's logic.
A clinical psychologist evaluates a new therapy for anxiety using a multiple-baseline design across three clients. She takes baseline measurements for all clients, then begins the treatment with Client A in week 2, Client B in week 4, and Client C in week 6. If each client's anxiety level decreases specifically after they begin therapy, this staggered introduction helps establish internal validity by making it unlikely that the improvements were caused by a shared external event.
Although a multiple-baseline design across participants staggers the start of treatment to establish internal validity, the basic structural phase sequence experienced by each individual participant in the study is a(n) _____ design.
Order the following experimental scenarios from the weakest demonstration of internal validity (causal evidence) to the strongest demonstration of internal validity based on the logic of a multiple-baseline design across participants.
Describe the procedural steps involved in setting up a multiple-baseline design across participants. In your description, identify the underlying single-subject design structure that each individual participant undergoes.
Explain why the staggered introduction of the therapy is crucial for this study. Based on the logic of a multiple-baseline design across participants, what alternative explanations does this staggering help the researcher rule out?
A researcher plans to evaluate a new mindfulness program for three employees using a multiple-baseline design across participants. If the researcher establishes a baseline for all three employees simultaneously and introduces the program to the first employee on Monday of week 2, how should the researcher proceed with the remaining two employees to correctly implement this design?
Learn After
Arrange the procedural steps of the Ross and Horner (2009) bullying prevention study in the correct chronological order to illustrate their staggered implementation.
In the Ross and Horner (2009) bullying prevention study, researchers implemented a program across three schools at different times (a staggered implementation). Which of the following findings would most clearly demonstrate that the program was responsible for the change in student behavior?
A school psychologist reads the following conclusion from a research report: "Because aggressive behavior among the targeted students declined shortly after the bullying prevention program was introduced at each school—and each school received the program at a different point in time—it is highly unlikely that some outside event (e.g., a seasonal change or a school-wide announcement) caused the behavioral improvements." Based on the logic of a staggered-implementation design across three separate schools, this conclusion is justified.
In the Ross and Horner (2009) bullying prevention study, researchers introduced a program to three schools at staggered intervals. Match each hypothetical observation pattern with the scientific conclusion it supports regarding the study's internal validity.
A critic evaluates the Ross and Horner (2009) study and suggests that the observed reduction in aggressive behavior was simply a seasonal coincidence. To logically refute this critique and defend the study's internal validity, one must point to the ________ implementation of the program across schools, which demonstrated that behavior changed only when the intervention began at each site.
Imagine you are tasked with designing a research project to evaluate a new intervention across three different student groups (, , and ) using the scientific logic of the Ross and Horner (2009) bullying prevention study. Which of the following implementation plans should you construct to most effectively demonstrate that the intervention—rather than an external event—caused the behavioral changes?
In the 2009 bullying prevention study by Ross and Horner, the researchers implemented the prevention program at all three participating schools simultaneously.
In their 2009 bullying prevention study, Scott Ross and Robert Horner evaluated a school-wide program by tracking student behaviors across three different schools. Match each key methodological component of this study with the description that explains its specific role or definition.
In the Ross and Horner (2009) study, researchers evaluated the internal validity of the bullying prevention program by analyzing whether student behavior changes were tied to the intervention. By observing that aggressive behaviors decreased only after the _____ introduction of the program at each school, they ruled out external coincidences.
Order the logical steps a researcher must follow to evaluate whether a multiple-baseline design across participants (like the Ross and Horner study) successfully demonstrates internal validity and rules out external history threats.