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Multiple-Baseline Design Across Participants
A multiple-baseline design across participants involves establishing a baseline for several different individuals and then introducing the treatment to each person at a different, staggered time. Because each participant essentially undergoes an AB design, the staggered introduction is crucial for establishing internal validity. If the dependent variable changes for each individual specifically after the intervention is applied to them, it is highly unlikely to be a result of coincidence or a shared external event, demonstrating that the treatment is the cause.
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
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Multiple-Baseline Design Across Participants
Multiple-Baseline Design Across Behaviors
Multiple-Baseline Design Across Settings
What is the primary defining characteristic of a multiple-baseline design in single-subject research?
Observe the provided graph of a multiple-baseline design. Arrange the following implementation steps in the correct order to reflect how this design demonstrates that a treatment is responsible for behavioral changes.
A researcher is designing a single-subject study to evaluate a new intervention while avoiding the ethical issues associated with withdrawing a treatment. Match each research scenario to the specific type of multiple-baseline design it represents.
In a multiple-baseline design, if a researcher observes that behavior across all participants improves at the exact same moment the treatment is introduced to only the first participant, this outcome provides strong evidence that the treatment is the cause of the change.
Match each variation of the multiple-baseline design to the focus of its baseline measurements.
In a multiple-baseline design, what is the interpretive purpose of staggering the introduction of the treatment across participants, as shown in the provided graph?
A colleague critiques a study on social skills training by suggesting that participants' improvement was simply due to maturation—becoming more comfortable with the observer over time. To rebut this, the researcher points out that the third participant's behavior remained at baseline levels for several weeks until the treatment was finally introduced, even though the other participants had already received it. The ability to rule out threats to internal validity like maturation by staggering the timing of treatment introduction is the core evaluative strength of the _____.
A school psychologist wants to evaluate a self-quieting intervention for a student. They establish baseline measurements of the student's disruptive behavior in three different settings: the classroom, the playground, and the cafeteria. They then introduce the intervention in all three settings simultaneously. True or False: This procedure represents a multiple-baseline design.
A researcher is studying the effects of a token economy on a child's social skills. Because they are concerned that withdrawing the token economy might cause the child's improved behavior to deteriorate, they analyze the limitations of a reversal design and decide to use a multiple-baseline design instead. By selecting the multiple-baseline design, the researcher demonstrates the effect of the treatment without requiring its _____.
A researcher plans to evaluate a reading intervention across three participants using a multiple-baseline design. Order the following steps to describe the correct sequence of implementing the design to evaluate the treatment's effectiveness without removing it.
Describe the multiple-baseline design in single-subject research. In your concise analytical response, explain why this design was developed and outline the three primary ways baselines can be established according to this method.
Based on the provided scenario, decide how the psychologist should implement the intervention to demonstrate its effect without requiring its removal. Justify your decision using the principles of the multiple-baseline design.
A researcher wants to test a new classroom management strategy to reduce disruptive behavior, increase on-task behavior, and improve peer sharing in a specific student. If the researcher wants to avoid withdrawing the strategy once it is implemented, how should they apply a multiple-baseline design to evaluate this single student? Provide a brief one- to three-sentence answer.
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Ross and Horner Bullying Prevention Study
Multiple-Baseline Design Across Participants Example
In a multiple-baseline design across participants, what is the crucial procedural feature that helps establish internal validity?
A researcher wants to evaluate a new note-taking intervention using three participants. She records each participant's exam scores during a baseline phase and then begins the intervention with all three participants during the same week. Because she measured baselines for multiple individuals, this design effectively rules out the possibility that an outside event—rather than the intervention—caused any observed improvement in exam scores.
A clinical researcher is testing a new social-skills intervention with three children. To demonstrate that the intervention is effective and rule out outside influences, the researcher plans to stagger when each child begins the treatment. Arrange the following steps in the correct chronological order to properly execute this study.
A researcher evaluates a social skills program for students using a multiple-baseline design across participants. Match each hypothetical data pattern with the appropriate analysis of its impact on the study's internal validity.
A researcher is critiquing a study that used a multiple-baseline design across four participants to test a new behavioral intervention. The researcher finds that all participants improved simultaneously on the same day, even though three of the participants were still in the baseline phase and had not yet received the treatment. In evaluating the strength of this evidence, the researcher must conclude that the study fails to demonstrate ______ validity.
In a multiple-baseline design across participants, the experience of each individual involved in the study essentially follows which basic single-subject design structure?
A researcher is conducting a multiple-baseline design across participants to evaluate a new reading intervention. Match each procedural element or concept with the statement that best describes its role in establishing the study's logic.
A clinical psychologist evaluates a new therapy for anxiety using a multiple-baseline design across three clients. She takes baseline measurements for all clients, then begins the treatment with Client A in week 2, Client B in week 4, and Client C in week 6. If each client's anxiety level decreases specifically after they begin therapy, this staggered introduction helps establish internal validity by making it unlikely that the improvements were caused by a shared external event.
Although a multiple-baseline design across participants staggers the start of treatment to establish internal validity, the basic structural phase sequence experienced by each individual participant in the study is a(n) _____ design.
Order the following experimental scenarios from the weakest demonstration of internal validity (causal evidence) to the strongest demonstration of internal validity based on the logic of a multiple-baseline design across participants.
Describe the procedural steps involved in setting up a multiple-baseline design across participants. In your description, identify the underlying single-subject design structure that each individual participant undergoes.
Explain why the staggered introduction of the therapy is crucial for this study. Based on the logic of a multiple-baseline design across participants, what alternative explanations does this staggering help the researcher rule out?
A researcher plans to evaluate a new mindfulness program for three employees using a multiple-baseline design across participants. If the researcher establishes a baseline for all three employees simultaneously and introduces the program to the first employee on Monday of week 2, how should the researcher proceed with the remaining two employees to correctly implement this design?