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When writing an APA-style results section, statistical values can be integrated directly into the narrative sentence or placed within parentheses at the end of a statement, similar to a citation. If there are only a small number of results to report, it is often most efficient to write them out in the text. When a statistic is described in the narrative text, its name is fully spelled out (e.g., mean, standard deviation). Conversely, if the statistic is reported inside parentheses, researchers must use its standard abbreviation or symbol (e.g., $$M$$, $$SD$$).

Narrative versus Parenthetical Statistics

When reporting results in an APA-style narrative sentence, terms are spelled out, such as: 'The mean age of the participants was $$22.43$$ years with a standard deviation of $$2.34$$.' Conversely, when statistics are reported parenthetically, abbreviations are used, such as: 'The treatment group had a mean of $$23.40$$ ($$SD = 9.33$$)' or 'There was a moderate negative correlation... ($$r = -.27$$).'

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