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According to the APA Ethics Code, intentionally deceiving research participants is only ethically permissible under a moderate, carefully regulated set of conditions. Researchers must clearly demonstrate that the study's prospective scientific or educational benefits outweigh the risks, that participants are not reasonably expected to experience physical pain or severe emotional distress, and that the research question cannot be feasibly answered using nondeceptive alternatives. When justified, researchers must fully disclose the deception to participants as soon as possible during the debriefing phase.

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