Mother or stepmother was:
- Pushed, grabbed, slapped, kicked, bitten
- Had something thrown at them
- Hit with fist or something hard
- Repeatedly hit over several minutes
- Threatened/hurt by a knife or gun

Mother treated violently

Household member was:
- Problematic drinker or alcoholic
- Illegal drug user

Substance abuse

Parental divorce/separation

Household member is currently or was formerly in prison

Incarcerated household member

- Mother treated violently
- Substance abuse
- Parental divorce/separation
- Incarcerated household member

Washington State University at Tri-Cities

- Experiencing violence, abuse, or neglect
- Witnessing violence in the home or community
- Having a family member attempt or die by suicide
- Growing up in a household with a family member experiencing mental health problems or incarceration

Defining ACE Traumatic Events

CDC-Kaiser ACE study Overview
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html

CDC-Kaiser ACE Study

ACE definitions - Abuse

ACE Definitions - Household Challenges

Note: Neglect questions on survey were reverse-scored on the basis of positively-framed questions as opposed to negative
- Emotional
- Physical

ACE Definitions - Neglect

A person’s response to a traumatic event can be subjective in nature and may be psychological and/or physiological. In addition, their response can be experienced across a person’s lifespan in a variety of different ways. This can be immediately following a traumatic event or be repressed only to surface later in life. Research has shown that childhood trauma may have mental or physical effect such as revictimization, psychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, maladaptive stress responses, and physical disabilities. Traumatic experiences in early life has also shown that it impacts health rick behaviors such as substance use.

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