•This study was a multicenter parallel randomized controlled trial with 130 female parolees/probationers (aged 19–64 years) residing in the community randomly assigned to either DBT case management (n = 65) or HP (n = 65).

•The DBT program consisted of six weekly group sessions and six weekly one-on-one sessions, each lasting, on average, 45–60 minutes, for a total of 12 weeks. These six weekly sessions were focused on the following topics: (a) avoiding and eliminating cues to use, (b) burning bridges to substance use, (c) building a life worth living, (d) observing urges, (e) adaptive denial, and (f ) alternative rebellion. Additionally, each session included signing in, mindfulness, and diary card/review of homework.

•The HP was focused on common chronic diseases that homeless women face and HP activities for these chronic diseases. The HP participants also met in groups and one-on-one over 12 weeks to discuss diabetes, heart disease, sexually transmitted infections including HIV, parenting skills, community and family reintegration, and other topics.