* Richly supplied with autonomic nerves
* Inner core of Adrenal gland
* Releases catecholamine in response to "fight or flight" reaction
* Hormones secretion is controlled directly by brain via sympathetic nerve terminals that release acetylcholine in the adrenal medulla 


Adrenal Medulla

A hiker unexpectedly encounters a large bear on a trail. Instantly, the hiker's heart begins to pound, their breathing quickens, and they feel a surge of energy preparing them to react. This physiological response is primarily initiated by hormones released from glands located where in the body?

Based on the physiological changes described in the following scenario, which pair of glands located on top of the kidneys is most directly responsible for this rapid stress response? Explain your reasoning by identifying the hormones involved and their effects.

Physiological Stress Response

Positioned on top of the kidneys, the adrenal glands are responsible for releasing hormones, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are crucial for the body's stress response.

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University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Grinnell College

- How hormones affect the body
- Endocrine gland
- How hormones affect behavior
- How hormonal and neural systems interact

Aspects about the interactions of hormones and the brain

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Adrenal Gland

Glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body
(From the Greek "Endon"= within)
"krinein"= to secrete

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