* Commonly known as adrenaline
* Acts as a hormone secreted under control of sympathetic nervous system
* Acts as a synaptic transmitter


Epinephrine

* Commonly known as noradrenaline
* Hormone released by adrenal medulla
* Neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons 

Norepinephrine 

* Richly supplied with autonomic nerves
* Inner core of Adrenal gland
* Releases catecholamine in response to "fight or flight" reaction
* Hormones secretion is controlled directly by brain via sympathetic nerve terminals that release acetylcholine in the adrenal medulla 


University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Positioned on top of the kidneys, the adrenal glands are responsible for releasing hormones, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are crucial for the body's stress response.

Adrenal Gland

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

Adrenal Medulla

A hiker unexpectedly encounters a large bear on a trail. Instantly, the hiker's heart begins to pound, their breathing quickens, and they feel a surge of energy preparing them to react. This physiological response is primarily initiated by hormones released from glands located where in the body?

Based on the physiological changes described in the following scenario, which pair of glands located on top of the kidneys is most directly responsible for this rapid stress response? Explain your reasoning by identifying the hormones involved and their effects.

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