An actor-critic agent is being trained to perform a task where explicit rewards are not available from the environment. Instead, a separate, pre-trained reward model provides a scalar reward r_t for each transition (s_t, a_t, s_{t+1}). The agent also maintains a value network that estimates the expected future return from any given state, V(s). Given a discount factor γ, which of the following correctly represents the one-step temporal difference (TD) error used to estimate the advantage

Calculating Advantage Estimate

Debugging Advantage Estimation in A2C