An industrial-organizational psychologist is hired to analyze the role of a paramedic. The psychologist begins by riding in ambulances to observe and create a detailed list of all specific duties performed, such as 'administering intravenous fluids,' 'operating a defibrillator,' and 'documenting patient information.' Each listed duty is then rated by experienced paramedics on its importance and the frequency with which it is performed. This process is primarily an example of which kind of approach to job analysis?

An HR manager is conducting a job analysis for a 'Logistics Coordinator' position to update its job description. Which of the following activities best exemplifies a task-oriented approach?