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Case Study

Analyze the spacing of the bars in both of Dr. Lopez's student's figures. Diagnose the errors in the visual representations of these variables according to standard graphing conventions, and justify the corrections that must be made for each figure.

Case context: Dr. Lopez is reviewing a draft of a manuscript submitted by a graduate student. The manuscript includes a figure labeled 'Histogram of Self-Esteem Scores' (measured on a continuous interval scale from 1010 to 4040). In the figure, the vertical bars represent the frequencies of scores, but there is a small gap of 22 millimeters between each adjacent bar. In the same manuscript, there is a second figure showing 'Histogram of Coping Style Categories' (where participants are grouped into 'Problem-focused', 'Emotion-focused', or 'Avoidant'), and these bars are drawn flush against each other with no space in between.

Question: Analyze the spacing of the bars in both of Dr. Lopez's student's figures. Diagnose the errors in the visual representations of these variables according to standard graphing conventions, and justify the corrections that must be made for each figure.

Sample answer: The student has reversed the standard conventions for bar spacing. For the self-esteem scores (a quantitative variable), the bars should be drawn adjacent to each other with no gaps. Leaving gaps incorrectly suggests the data is divided into discrete, non-continuous categories. For the coping style categories (a categorical variable), a small gap should be left between the bars to visually distinguish the discrete groups. Drawing them flush against each other incorrectly implies a continuous quantitative scale.

Key points:

  • Diagnose that the self-esteem figure incorrectly contains gaps for a quantitative variable.
  • Diagnose that the coping style figure incorrectly lacks gaps for a categorical variable.
  • Explain that quantitative variables require adjacent bars to show continuity.
  • Explain that categorical variables require gaps to distinguish discrete categories.

Rubric: The evaluation should check if the student identifies that the self-esteem figure incorrectly uses gaps for a quantitative variable and needs adjacent bars. It should also verify that the student identifies that the coping style figure incorrectly lacks gaps for a categorical variable and needs small gaps. The explanation must justify the corrections based on distinguishing discrete categories from quantitative data.

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Updated 2026-05-27

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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU

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